Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Diskusia viazaná na konkrétne druhy vtáčkarov

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 24. Februára 2013, 17:41

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Yen, A.L. & S. Ro 2013. The sale of tarantulas in Cambodia for food or medicine: is it sustainable?. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(1): 3548–3551

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http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2013/January/o314926i133548-3551.pdf

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 4. Marca 2013, 16:13

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Bertani, R. & P.C. Motta. 2013. Redescription of Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920) and notes on the habitat and geographical distribution of the species (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Zoologia, Vol. 30, No. 1
Abstract
We redescribe the poorly known tarantula species Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920) and present information on its geographical distribution and habits. The female presents an unusual spermatheca for the genus: short, broad, with a median slight curvature and lobes on its basal, median and distal portions. The male resembles other Avicularia species, but can be distinguished by the presence of a tibial apophysis on leg I in conjunction with the legs I and IV having roughly the same length and the presence of pale rings on the distal femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Avicularia taunayi is found in the Brazilian Cerrado, a savannah-like biome. It is one of the aviculariine species with the southernmost distribution, reaching as far as the Tropic of Capricorn.
Reopis druhu Avicularia taunayi.

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Bertani, R., M.E. Bichuette and D.R. Pedroso. 2013. Tmesiphantes hypogeus sp. nov. (Araneae, Theraphosidae), the first troglobitic tarantula from Brazil. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

A new species of Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892, is described from sandstone/quartizitic caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia State, Brazil. This is the fifth species of the genus and the first record of a troglobitic mygalomorph in Brazil. A key is presented for all Tmesiphantes species.
Novy druh Tmesiphantes hypogeus, ktory je prvym druhom Theraphosidae v Brazilii zijuci v jaskyniach (troglobitic).

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 4. Marca 2013, 20:33

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Vieira, Washington Luiz Silva, Gonçalves, Maria Betânia Ribeiro and Nóbrega, Rômulo Pantoja Predation on Tropidurus hispidus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) by Lasiodora klugi (Aranea: Theraphosidae) in the semiarid caatinga region of northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop., Dec 2012, vol.12, no.4, p.263-265. ISSN 1676-0603
Abstract: A predation event on Tropidurus hispidus (Tropiduridae) by the crab spider Lasiodora klugi (Theraphosidae) was observed in an arboreal caatinga area in northeastern Brazil. Arthropods are potential predators of small vertebrates and researchers have reported predation events involving spiders and herpetofauna in Neotropical regions. As such, the present short communication is the second case of predation of spiders on Tropidurus lizards in Brazil, and the first for the semiarid caatinga, reinforcing the argument that large spiders have relevant roles as predators of these animals.

Lasiodora klugi na love Tropidurus hispidus.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Apríla 2013, 13:40

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B. Veloso C., D. Luhr, R. Marfull, H. Torres-Contreras, D.P. Figueroa, P. Sabat & M. Canals (2012): Characterization of the thermal micro-environment of Paraphysa parvula Pocock 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), a spider from Chilean Andes. Journal of Arachnology 40, 34-38
Abstract. We characterize, in both the laboratory and the field, the preferential thermal microenvironments of Paraphysa parvula (Pocock 1903) (Araneae: Theraphosidae), a mygalomorph spider that successfully inhabits the high elevation environments of the Chilean Andes. We studied 116 spiders. Their average body temperature in the field was 31.02 6 2.74u C, similar to the laboratory preferred temperature of 31.7 6 2.31u C, and higher than the ideal temperature of reproductive females, 29.34 6 2.81u C. In non-reproductive spiders, we found significant associations between body temperature and the temperatures of the air, substrate and rocks; however, the strongest association was between body and rock temperatures. Similar results were obtained in reproductive females, but there the best predictor of the body temperature was air temperature in the shelter. In both cases, the air temperature remained below body temperature and well below the temperature of the rocks and stones. Both situations show the importance of behavioral thermoregulation and the mechanisms of heat transfer into the microenvironment in the body temperature regulation of spiders. Conduction from the environment, heat transfer by small convection currents, and radiation from the hot stones constitute small environmental cues that allow these spiders to maintain an optimal temperature. The selection of shelters meeting specific temperature regimes appears to be a key condition for the optimization of female reproductive success and survival of females and juveniles in a high elevation environment.
Vyskum mikro.prostredia v laboratorii alebo aj v terene vysokohorskeho druhu Paraphysa parvula z Cile. Vyborna praca, ktorej SK abstrakt sem hodim az po nastudovani dalsi tyzden.

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W. Nentwig. 2012: The species referred to as Eurypelma californicum (Theraphosidae) in more than 100 publications is likely to be Aphonopelma hentzi. Journal of Arachnology 40-1, p.128.
Abstract. Despite the fact that taxonomically the name Eurypelma californicum (Ausserer 1871) has been regarded as a nomen dubium and thus invalid for several decades, it is increasingly used in non-taxonomic publications and on the internet. This makes it necessary to trace back the identity of the spiders involved. The taxonomy of Eurypelma californicum and Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard 1852) was investigated, and it is concluded that the spiders referred to as Eurypelma californicum in physiological publications of the last 35 years belong to an Aphonopelma species, most likely A. hentzi.
Autor skumal clanky o neplatnom rode a druhu Eurypelma californicum, pricom za poslednych 35 rokov slo zvacsa o jej chybne opisy patrice rodu Aphonopelma hlavne druhu A. hentzi.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 19. Apríla 2013, 18:08

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West, R. & Nunn, S. 2013. A new species of tarantula spider in the genus Lyrognathus Pocock 1895 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Sumatra.
A new species is described in the tarantula genus Lyrognathus Pocock 1895, being the first record of this taxon from Sumatra, Indonesia. Lyrognathus giannisposatoi sp. nov. is also unique in its habitat selection, being the first confirmed lowland species from this genus. A new key to Lyrognathus species is provided, and a biogeography of the group is briefly discussed.
Popisany novy druh v rode Lyrognathus z Indonezie - Lyrognathus giannisposatoi.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 5. Júna 2013, 23:07

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Canning, G., Reilly, B.K. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. 2013. First description of the male of Nesiergus insulanus (Araneae Theraphosidae: Ischnocolinae) from the Seychelles archipelago. African Invertebrates 54 (1): 241–244.
The male of Nesiergus insulanus Simon, 1903 is described for the first time, and both sexes are illustrated. The presence of the species on the two Seychelles islands of Frégate and L’Îlot Frégate is confirmed, and observation evidence suggests that its range extends to Cousine Island.
Opis samca druhu Nesiergus insulanus.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Júna 2013, 18:15

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Rainer Foelix, Bruno Erb, Bastian Rast, Alleged silk spigots on tarantula feet: Electron microscopy reveals sensory innervation, no silk, Arthropod Structure & Development, Volume 42, Issue 3, May 2013, Pages 209-217, ISSN 1467-8039, 10.1016/j.asd.2013.02.005.
Abstract: Several studies on tarantulas have claimed that their tarsi could secrete fine silk threads which would provide additional safety lines for maintaining a secure foot-hold on smooth vertical surfaces. This interpretation was seriously questioned by behavioral experiments, and more recently morphological evidence indicated that the alleged spigots (“ribbed hairs”) were not secretory but most likely sensory hairs (chemoreceptors). However, since fine structural studies were lacking, the sensory nature was not proven convincingly. By using transmission electron microscopy we here present clear evidence that these “ribbed hairs” contain many dendrites inside the hair lumen – as is the case in the well-known contact chemoreceptors of spiders and insects. For comparison, we also studied the fine structure of regular silk spigots on the spinnerets and found them distinctly different from sensory hairs. Finally, histological studies of a tarantula tarsus did not reveal any silk glands, which, by contrast, are easily found within the spinnerets. In conclusion, the alleged presence of silk spigots on tarantula feet is refuted.
Keywords: Spiders; Tarantulas; Scopula; Adhesive hairs; Silk spigots; Chemoreceptors
Par rokov dozadu bola medzi vedeckymi kruhmi ista nezrovnalost a protichodne tvrdenia, ze vtackare si pomahaju pri lezeni aj tym, ze vylucuju zo specialnych chlpkov na tarsoch pavucinu, ktora im pomaha pri udrzani sa na roznych povrchoch. Tento mytus uz vyvratil Perez-Miles a momentalne aj tato praca, ktora vsak ide viacej do hlbky. Pri morfologickom skumani inkriminovanych chlpkov sa zistilo, ze ide o chemoreceptory.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 3. Júla 2013, 17:42

Vysla nova verzia Platnicka - The World Spider Catalog, Version 14.0

http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/cat ... SIDAE.html

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 27. Júla 2013, 18:47

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Bertani, R. & J. Huff, 2013. Avicularia rickwesti sp.nov, a remarkable new species of Avicularia (Theraphosidae:Aviculariinae) from Dominican Republic, Zoologia 30(3): 333-337 [p. 333].
ABSTRACT. A remarkable new species of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Avicularia rickwesti sp. nov., is described from Dominican Republic. Female specimens of the new species are unusual by having two very short and broad spermathecae with distal half strongly sclerotized, a feature not found in any other aviculariine. Additionally, it has the leg coxae with spiniform setae, smaller on leg I and prolateral leg II, larger, black on retrolateral leg II, prolateral and retrolateral leg III and prolateral leg IV. Males are unknown. The new species is known only from two localities, in southwestern Dominican Republic. This is the first record for the subfamily on Hispañola which is close to the northern boundary for the Aviculariinae distribution.
Obrázok

Pribudol nam novy druh Avicularia rickwesti s netradicnou spermatekou pre tento rod. Pocas ontogenezy prechadza farebnou zmenou. Na fotografii je dospela samica.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 19. Septembra 2013, 11:06

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Bertani, R. & J. Guadanucci, 2013. Morphology, evolution and usage of urticating setae by tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae)
ABSTRACT. Urticating setae are exclusive to New World tarantulas and are found in approximately 90% of the New World species. Six morphological types have been proposed and, in several species, two morphological types can be found in the same individual. In the past few years, there has been growing concern to learn more about urticating setae, but many questions still remain unanswered. After studying individuals from several theraphosid species, we endeavored to find more about the segregation of the different types of setae into different abdominal regions, and the possible existence of patterns; the morphological variability of urticating setae types and their limits; whether there is variability in the length of urticating setae across the abdominal area; and whether spiders use different types of urticating setae differently. We found that the two types of urticating setae, which can be found together in most theraphosine species, are segregated into distinct areas on the spider’s abdomen: type III occurs on the median and posterior areas with either type I or IV surrounding the patch of type III setae. Morphological intermediates between types I and III, as well as between III and IV, were found. We propose that type III urticating setae have evolved through modifications of body setae on specific areas of abdomen dorsum and subsequently gave independent origin to areas having either type I or IV. A parallel evolution seems to have occurred in some aviculariine genera in which type II setae evolved also from body setae from specific areas of abdomen dorsum. Concerning the length of the setae, we observed that towards the median and posterior areas of the abdomen the length of the urticating setae increases. These long setae are cast by the spider as part of an active defensive behavior against vertebrate predators. We propose that spiders use the various types of urticating setae differently and according to their different targets: type I setae, when incorporated either into the molting web or eggsac, is more effective against invertebrates (ants or phorid fly larvae) than type III. The latter seems to be used mainly against vertebrate predators.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 20. Septembra 2013, 12:42

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Estrada-Alvarez, J.C., C.A. Guadarrama & M. Martínez. 2013. Nueva especie de Citharacanthus Pocock, 1901 (Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) para México. Dugesiana 20(1): 63-66.
A new species of the genus Citharacanthus Pocock, 1901 from Chiapas, Mexico is described and distinguishes from the congeners by the shape of spermathecae.
Popis nove druhu Citharacanthus alvarezi, tvar spermateky skor pripomina pridavne pohlavne zlazy, vzhlad pavuka je podobny ako u Brachypelma vagans "group".

Druhy Citharacanthus spinicrus, Citharacanthus sargi povazuju za nomen dubium.

Tuto vedecku pracu zatial beriem s velkou rezervou.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 20. Septembra 2013, 16:19

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Miglio, L.T., A.B. Bonaldo & F. Pérez-Miles. 2013. On Munduruku, a new Theraphosid genus from Oriental Amazonia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia, Porto Alegre, 103(2): 185-189 [p. 185].
ABSTRACT. Munduruku gen. nov. is proposed for the type species Munduruku bicoloratum sp. nov., from Juruti and Santarém, Pará, Brazil. The main diagnostic character of Munduruku gen. nov. is the presence of a subapical, lanceolate keel on the male palpal bulb, which is unique among the basal taxa of Theraphosinae with type III-IV urticating setae. The female spermathecae consist of two spheroid receptacles with funnel-shaped necks, each of which bears a sclerotized area. In both sexes, the abdomen is remarkably patterned, an uncommon feature in adults of New World theraphosids. Both the bulbus lanceolate keel and the abdominal color pattern are hypothesized as synapomorphies of the genus.
Novy rod Munduruku patriaci do podcelade Theraphosinae, s typovym druhom Munduruku bicoloratum.

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Ferretti, N., G. Pompozzi, A. González & F. Pérez-Miles. 2013. The genus Grammostola Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): a new species from western Argentina, new synonymy and distributional data.
Grammostola diminuta sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) is described from northwestern Argentina; Grammostola vachoni Schiapelli and Gerschman 1961 is considered a senior synonym of Grammostola fossor syn. nov. Schmidt 2001 on the basis of material examined from the collection of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN-Ar). The geographic distribution of G. vachoni is extended on the basis of new records. Additionally, we present new diagnoses and new distributional data for Grammostola chalcothrix Chamberlin 1917, Grammostola inermis Mello-Leitão, 1941 and Grammostola pulchripes (Simon 1891).
Popisany novy druh Grammostola diminuta.

Synonymizacie:
Grammostola vachoni=Grammostola fossor

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 16. Októbra 2013, 18:26

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Vilchis-Nestor, C.A., S. Machkour-M’Rabet, I.D.L.A. Barriga-Sosa, P. Winterton & Y. Hénaut. 2013. Morphological and color differences between island and mainland populations in the Mexican red rump tarantula, Brachypelma vagans. Journal of Insect Science 13:95.
The introduction of species into new ecosystems, especially in small and isolated regions such as islands, offers an excellent opportunity to answer questions of the evolutionary processes occurring in natural conditions on a scale that could never be achieved in laboratory conditions. In this study, we examined the Mexican red rump tarantula Brachypelma vagans Ausserer (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae), a species that was introduced to Cozumel Island, Mexico, 40 years ago. This introduction provides an exceptional model to study effects such as morphological variation between island populations and those on the mainland in open habitats facing the island. Intraspecific variation related to the color polymorphism was compared. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic differences between continental populations of B. vagans and the introduced population on Cozumel Island. Phenotypic difference was evaluated using two approaches: 1) comparison of the morphometric measurements of adult and juvenile individuals at the local scale and between continental and island populations, and 2) comparison of individual color polymorphism between mainland and island populations. Two locations were sampled within the continental part of the Yucatan peninsula and two on the island of Cozumel. The number of samples analyzed at each site was 30 individuals. The morphometric results showed significant differences between continental and island populations, with bigger individuals on the island. In addition, three new variations of the typical color pattern of B. vagans recorded so far were observed. This study opens the door to further investigations to elucidate the origin of the phenotypic variation of the isolated individuals on Cozumel Island. Also, the widest range of color morphs found for a tarantula species is reported.
Praca pojednava o druhu Brachypelma vagans a jej rozdielnej farebnosti medzi pevninskou a ostrovnou formov.

Vadi mi, ze autor nepodal ziadne informacie ako identifikoval, ze sa jedna o druh Brachypelma vagans. Na Cozumel Islands bol tento druh zavleceny pred 40 rokmi filmovou spolocnostou. Nemohol byt na tomto ostrove este predtym endemicky druh Brachypelma sp.?

Autori clanku nakoniec udavaju, ze ich vysledky nemusia byt pravdive a moze sa jednat aj o hybridov Brachypelma epicureanum alebo B. smithi v oblastiach, kde sa prekryvaju lokality s B. vagans. Na dostatocne vyriesenie ci je B. vagans skutocne progresivnym jedincom na evolucne studie izolovanych populacii su potrebne DNA testy tychto jedincov.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 16. Októbra 2013, 19:01

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Caroline B. F. Mourão, Mari D. Heghinian, Eder A. Barbosa, Frank Marí, Carlos Bloch, Jr., Rita Restano-Cassulini, Lourival D. Possani, and Elisabeth F. Schwartz. 2003. Characterization of a Novel Peptide Toxin from Acanthoscurria paulensis Spider Venom: A Distinct Cysteine Assignment to the HWTX-II Family Biochemistry 2013 52 (14), 2440-2452
Spider venom toxins have raised interest in prospecting new drugs and pesticides. Nevertheless, few studies are conducted with tarantula toxins, especially with species found in Brazil. This study aims to characterize chemically and biologically the first toxin isolated from Acanthoscurria paulensis venom. Ap1a consists of 48 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 5457.79 Da. The cloned gene encodes a putative sequence of 23 amino acid residues for the signal peptide and 27 for the pro-peptide. The sequence of the mature peptide is 60–84% identical with those of toxins of the HWTX-II family. Different from the structural pattern proposed for these toxins, the disulfide pairing of Ap1a is of the ICK type motif, which is also shared by the U1-TRTX-Bs1a toxin. Ap1a induced a dose-dependent and reversible paralytic effect in Spodoptera frugiperda caterpillars, with an ED50 of 13.0 ± 4.2 μg/g 8 h after injections. In the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber circuit, Ap1a (1.14–22.82 μg/g) reduces both the amplitude and frequency of responses from GF-TTM and GF-DLM pathways, suggesting an action at the neuromuscular junction, which is mediated by glutamatergic receptors. It is also lethal to mice (1.67 μg/g, intracranial route), inducing effects similar to those reported with intracerebroventricular administration of NMDA. Ap1a (1 μM) does not alter the response induced by acetylcholine on the rhabdomyosarcoma cell preparation and shows no significant effects on hNav1.2, hNav1.4, hNav1.5, and hNav1.6 channels. Because of its unique sequence and cysteine assignment to the HWTX-II family, Ap1a is a significant contribution to the structure–function study of this family of toxins.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 30. Októbra 2013, 11:36

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GABRIEL, R., R. GALLON & A. SMITH. 2013. The revised taxonomical status of some species of Poecilotheria Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Journal of the British Tarantula Society 28(3): 103-110.
Clanok bude sucast noveho vydania BTS.

Poecilotheria vittata je starsie synonymum pre Poecilotheria pederseni, tym padom pederseni ostava neplatny nazov. Mozete si premenovat vizitky.

Poecilotheria uniformis je mladsie synonymum pre Poecilotheria subfusca a Poecilotheria pococki mladsie synonymum Poecilotheria smithi. Poecilotheria uniformis a Poecilotheria pococki ostavaju ako neplatne nazvy.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 10. Decembra 2013, 20:00

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Mirza, Z.A. & R. Sanap. 2013. Revalidation of the tarantula genus Phlogiodes Pocock, 1899 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Thrigmopoeinae). Indian Journal of Arachnology 2(2) 17-21.
The tarantula genus Phlogiodes Pocock 1899 is revalidated and re-diagnosed in light of the present knowledge gathered from type material and fresh collection of Phlogiodes validus Pocock, 1899 new combination, from type locality as well as other known localities. Based on description, Haploclastus satyanus Barman 1978 is treated as incertae sedis with regards to its generic allocation which renders Thrigmopoeinae endemic to Western Ghats.
Haploclastus validus presunuty do znovu validneho rodu Phlogiodes. Haploclastus satyanus bude vedena ako incertae sedis.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 2. Januára 2014, 20:28

Vysla nova verzia Platnicka - The World Spider Catalog, Version 14.5

http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/cat ... SIDAE.html

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 11. Januára 2014, 20:42

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Wilson, J.S., Clayton, F., James P. 2013. Testing the species limits of the tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) endemic to California's Southern Coast Ranges, USA. Insect Conservation and Diversity. Volume 6, Issue 3, pages 365–371.

Abstract
* The California floristic province is home to several threatened or endangered species and has been the focus of numerous conservation efforts. These conservation efforts have largely ignored the diverse and distinctive arthropod fauna found in this region.

* We investigate the species boundaries of the four tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) species endemic to California's Southern Coast Ranges through molecular phylogenetic analysis using a 680 bp region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 from 51 individuals.

* Our analysis resulted in a well-supported phylogeny showing three distinct clades. As a result, we recognise only one species in the Southern Coast Ranges (Aphonopelma brunnius, with A. chamberlini and A. smithi treated as junior synonyms; if the holotype of A. rileyi is located it will likely be a synonym as well). Two additional species were found in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

* Although the tarantulas in California's Southern Coast Ranges are not as endemic as was previously thought, their position as top arthropod predators make them ideal sentinel species, suggesting they should be targeted by conservationists. Furthermore, our analyses illustrate the importance in using molecular tools to investigate biodiversity.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 28. Januára 2014, 11:40

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Prasanth, M.T. & K. Sunil Jose. 2014. A new species of the genus Haploclastus from Western Ghats, India (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol.9, No.1: 494-500.
ABSTRACT: A new species namely Haploclastus devamatha (Theraphosidae) is described from Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Detailed morphological characters and illustrations of body and copulatory organs of the species are presented.
Popisany je novy druh Haploclastus devamatha.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 1. Februára 2014, 17:01

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Luciana Baruffaldi, Carlos Perafán, Cintya Perdomo, Laura Montes de Oca, Fernando Pérez-Miles, and Fernando G. Costa. 2013. Third pair of legs is a key feature for eliciting female receptivity in the road tarantula spider Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Araneae: Theraphosidae) Journal of Arachnology 41 (2), 213-214
Using the road tarantula Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Thorell 1894), we tested the importance of the third pair of legs in male courtship behavior. Our results showed that the third pair of legs is essential for males to elicit female sexual receptivity. Males with their second pair of legs immobilized elicited receptive responses from females, but males with the third legs immobilized did not. The potential role of the third pair of legs in the generation and/or transmission of seismic signals via the substrate is discussed.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 4. Februára 2014, 14:04

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Copperi, S., Ferretti, N., Pompozzi, G. & Pérez-Miles, 2012 F. Can’t you find me? Female sexual response in an Argentinean tarantula (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomología 38: 164-166.
Abstract: We described and analyzed the female sexual response in the tarantula Grammostola vachoni Schiapelli and Gerschman 1961 under three series of 10 experiments each with different situations for the male-female encounters: male free in terrarium but with no access to female; male confined into a glass cup at 30 cm of female burrow and; male confined into a glass cup over a heavy stone closing the female burrow. We observed leg palpal tapping and body movements of female in response to male courtship. Leg and palpal tapping could indicate a female receptive condition and her attractiveness. Also, this behavior may serve to orient male towards her location. These females responded with leg and palpal tapping only to males which present long courtships together with active searching (walking) for female location. The female body movements, originated by legs III, are interpreted here as a rejection considering that male stopped courting and tried to escape.

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Costa et. all, 2013. Confusion and Isolation in the Courtship of Two Sympatric and Synchronic Tarantula Spiders (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) Arachnology 16(3):106-109.
Strong reproductive barriers are expected between similar species that co-occur in time and space. We experimentally analysed sexual interactions between the theraphosids Acanthoscurria suina and Eupalaestrus weijenberghi which met those conditions. Unexpectedly, males courted on heterospecific female cues. Furthermore, A. suina females seemed to be more receptive to heterospecific males than conspecific ones in early courtship. Although precopulatory confusion occurred, no interspecific copulations were observed, which indicate that reproductive barriers operate.

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Ferretti, N., González, A. & Pérez-Miles, F. 2012. Historical biogeography of mygalomorph spiders from the peripampasic orogenic arc based on track analysis and PAE as a panbiogeographical tool. Systematics and Biodiversity 10(2): 179-193.
A panbiogeographical analysis of Mygalomorphae spiders was undertaken in order to determine generalized tracks and biogeographical nodes in the peripampasic orogenic arc. This arc comprises mountainous systems that harbour a high number of endemic species, while they exhibit biotic connections that have become fragmented probably during Tertiary tectonics. They are considered relevant areas for biodiversity conservation. A total of 1078 records of 51 Mygalomorphae species were analysed and ten areas were delimited based on geological data. We used track analysis and parsimony analysis of endemicity as a panbiogeographical tool. Five generalized tracks and three nodes were recovered. The tracks recovered in Argentina could be explained as a consequence of two events: (i) Atlantic marine transgressions during the Middle and Late Miocene; and (ii) changes in the climate of southern South America from the Miocene to Pliocene, caused by the gradual raising of the Andean chain and also, the additional uplift of Pampean and Subandean ranges. The southeastern Brazil and Uruguayan generalized tracks could be explained by the Rio de La Plata Craton.

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Ferretti, N., Pompozzi, G., Copperi, S., González, A. & Pérez-Miles, F. Sexual behavior of mygalomorph spiders: when simplicity becomes complex, an update of the last 21 years. Arachnology 16(3): 85-93.
A generally common impression seems to be that the mygalomorphs have simple repertoires of behaviours, but many authors have concluded that this traditional portrayal of mygalomorph behaviours is misleading. An increasing number of studies of reproductive behaviour of mygalomorphs have revealed intricate and complex mechanisms of communication employed by this group. Our objective was to provide a synthetic treatment of the literature published in the last 21 years about sexual behaviour of mygalomorph spiders, in order to contribute in improving our understanding on the widespread and unique behaviours they exhibit. We provide a brief introduction to reproductive behaviour of mygalomorph spiders, and then examine some of the general patterns of courtship and mating behaviours known on some mygalomorph families.

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Postiglioni et all, 2013. Testing male preferences in female size and choosiness along the mating season in the tarantula spider Eupalaestrus weijenberghi. Boletín de La Sociedad Zoológica Del Uruguay, v.: 22 1, p.: 23 - 31, 2013
Adult males of Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Thorell 1894) live only for few months, while females live many years and continue molting and growing. Hence, there is a strong female-biased operational sex-ratio. While males move massively during the brief mating season, females are sedentary and remain inside their burrows, which are sometimes very close to each other. We tested if males are able to select females according to their body size and if selectivity of both sexes varies along the mating season. We exposed 5 males to 5 pairs of females of different sizes that occupied a burrow in each of two joined terraria. We performed two series of experiments: one at the beginning (March) and other at the end (May) of the mating season. Threesome combinations varied without repetitions, totalizing 25 trials on each series. We did not find differences in male behaviors: initial orientation, body vibration, palpal drumming and mating attempts regarding female size. We did not find differences in female behaviors as call or rejection. Courtship intensity was lower in May. This decrease could reflect male decadence and/or lower female receptivity. Unexpectedly, females preferred to lose their annual reproductive chance than mate with a poor quality male.

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Costa et. all. 2013 Is more better? Sexual confusion during courtship between two sympatric and synchronic tarantulas: Acanthoscurria suina Pocock, 1903 and Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Thorell, 1894). . Zoologia, v.: 50 5, p.: 577 - 580, 2013
When two similar species co-occur in time and space, strong mechanisms isolating them from each other are expected. Acanthoscurria suina Pocock, 1903 and Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Thorell, 1894) are two sympatric and synchronic tarantulas that inhabit burrows in Uruguay’s meadows. Here we test how and when reproductive isolation operates between these species. We exposed females of each species simultaneously to two males: either one male of each species, or two males of the same species. Males courted females of both species. Contrary to expectations, however, females of A. suina responded more effusively to heterospecific than to conspecific males, whereas females of E. weijenberghi only responded to conspecific males. Clasping (prelude of mating) was only recorded for couples of the same species. Females of A. suina at first seem to prefer the stronger body vibrations performed by heterospecific courting males than by males of their own species.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 4. Februára 2014, 14:08

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Gabriel, R. 2013. Revised taxonomic placement of the South American species of Aphonopelma. Arachnology 16(2):33-37.
The four species of Aphonopelma currently listed by Platnick (2013) as coming from South America are re-examined and discussed. Aphonopelma bistriatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) is regarded as a junior synonym of Ephebopus murinus Simon, 1892 n. syn.; A. aberrans (Chamberlin, 1917), A. pedatum (Strand, 1907) and A. rubropilosum (Ausserer, 1871) are regarded as nomina dubia.
Aphonopelma bistriatum je mladsie synonymum pre Ephebopus murinus.

A. aberrans, A. pedatum a A. rubropilosum su vedene ako nomina dubia.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 12. Februára 2014, 23:08

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Nyffeler M, Knörnschild M. 2013. Bat Predation by Spiders. PLoS ONE 8(3) e58120. doi10.1371journal.pone.0058120
Abstract
In this paper more than 50 incidences of bats being captured by spiders are reviewed. Bat-catching spiders have been reported from virtually every continent with the exception of Antarctica (,90% of the incidences occurring in the warmer areas of the globe between latitude 30u N and 30u S). Most reports refer to the Neotropics (42% of observed incidences), Asia (28.8%), and Australia-Papua New Guinea (13.5%). Bat-catching spiders belong to the mygalomorph family Theraphosidae and the araneomorph families Nephilidae, Araneidae, and Sparassidae. In addition to this, an attack attempt by a large araneomorph hunting spider of the family Pisauridae on an immature bat was witnessed. Eighty-eight percent of the reported incidences of bat catches were attributable to web-building spiders and 12% to hunting spiders. Large tropical orb-weavers of the genera Nephila and Eriophora in particular have been observed catching bats in their huge, strong orbwebs (of up to 1.5 m diameter). The majority of identifiable captured bats were small aerial insectivorous bats, belonging to the families Vespertilionidae (64%) and Emballonuridae (22%) and usually being among the most common bat species in their respective geographic area. While in some instances bats entangled in spider webs may have died of exhaustion, starvation, dehydration, and/or hyperthermia (i.e., non-predation death), there were numerous other instances where spiders were seen actively attacking, killing, and eating the captured bats (i.e., predation). This evidence suggests that spider predation on flying vertebrates is more widespread than previously assumed.

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Sutti R, Tamascia ML, Hyslop S, et al. 2014. Purification and characterization of a hyaluronidase from venom of the spider Vitalius dubius (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 20:2
Abstract
Background: Venom hyaluronidase (Hyase) contributes to the diffusion of venom from the inoculation site. In this work, we purified and characterized Hyase from the venom of Vitalius dubius (Araneae, Theraphosidae), a large theraphosid found in southeastern Brazil. Venom obtained by electrical stimulation of adult male and female V. dubius was initially fractionated by gel filtration on a Superdex® 75 column. Active fractions were pooled and applied to a heparin-sepharose affinity column. The proteins were eluted with a linear NaCl gradient. Results: Active fractions were pooled and assessed for purity by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. The physicochemical tests included optimum pH, heat stability, presence of isoforms, neutralization by flavonoids and assessment of commercial antivenoms. Hyase was purified and presented a specific activity of 148 turbidity-reducing units (TRU)/mg (venom: 36 TRU/mg; purification factor of ~4). Hyase displayed a molecular mass of 43 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Zymography in hyaluronic acid-containing gels indicated an absence of enzyme isoforms. The optimum pH was 4-5, with highest activity at 37°C. Hyase was stable up to 60°C; but its activity was lost at higher temperatures and maintained after several freeze-thaw cycles. The NaCl concentration (up to 1 M) did not influence activity. Hyase had greater action towards hyaluronic acid compared to chondroitin sulfate, and was completely neutralized by polyvalent antiarachnid sera, but not by caterpillar, scorpion or snakes antivenoms.
Conclusion: The neutralization by arachnid but not scorpion antivenom indicates that this enzyme shares antigenic
epitopes with similar enzymes in other spider venoms. The biochemical properties of this Hyase are comparable to
others described.

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Siliwal, M., N. Gupta & S. Molur 2013. The Striated Parachute Spider Poecilotheria striata Pocock, 1895 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): a note on taxonomy, distribution and conservation status. Journal of Threatened Taxa
Abstract
The known distribution range of Poecilotheria striata Pocock, 1895 in India is from Mysuru in the north to Thiruvananthapuram in the south. During the recent surveys in northern Karnataka, P. striata was recorded from six locations in Dandeli and nearby areas in the Uttara Kannada District. With the new records from Uttara Kannada, the distribution range of this species extends to the northern part of the Western Ghats by ca. 400km from Mysuru. Additional records on distribution of P. striata are also provided from various surveys carried out in the last 10 years. Based on these new records, the IUCN Red List status of P. striata is recommended to be reassessed as Near Threatened. Additional information on the morphology and natural history of P. striata is provided in the paper.

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P. Simonis, A. Bay, V. Welch, J. Colomer, and J. Vigneron, 2013. "Cylindrical Bragg mirrors on leg segments of the male Bolivian blueleg tarantula Pamphobeteus antinous (Theraphosidae)," Opt. Express  21, 6979-6996 
Abstract
The large male tarantula Pamphobeteus antinous is easily recognized at the presence of blue-violet iridescent bristles on some of the segments of its legs and pedipalps. The optical properties of these colored appendages have been measured and the internal geometrical structure of the bristles have been investigated. The coloration is shown to be caused by a curved coaxial multilayer which acts as a “cylindrical Bragg mirror”.

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Sebastian Estrada-Gomez, Leidy Johana Vargas Muñoz, Juan C. Quintana Castillo, 2013. Extraction and partial characterization of venom from the Colombian spider Pamphobeteus aff. nigricolor (Aranae:Theraphosidae), Toxicon, Volume 76
Abstract
We report the first studies of characterization and extraction of the Pamphobeteus aff. nigricolor (Pocock, 1901) (Aranae:Theraphosidae) venom done in Colombia using the electro-stimulation technique previous anesthesia with isofluorane. After each extraction process, a low viscosity, colorless venom was obtained. This venom showed a 1.01 mg/μl density and a pH of 5. The humidity percentage did not show a significance difference between males and females (P > 0.05) with a general media of 77.49 ± 1.74%. In all cases the venom yielded was variable between males and females, with a media of 22.45 ± 5.17 mg (wet weight) and 4.58 ± 0.94 mg (dry weigh), obtaining larger amounts in females, 28.34 ± 7.49 mg and 5.69 ± 1.36 (wet and dry weight respectively). Venom showed a hemolytic activity dependent of enzymatic active phospholipase and neither coagulant nor proteolytic activities were observed. Electrophoretic profile showed a main protein content with a molecular mass below 14 kDa. RP-HPLC venom profile revealed a difference among male and female venom's content where 17 and 21 main fractions were obtained respectively. Three peptides, Theraphotoxin-Pn1a, Theraphotoxin-Pn1b and Theraphotoxin-Pn2a, were identified using HPLC-nESI-MS/MS. These peptides showed a high identity with other peptides found on Theraphosides which are proved to affect voltage-gated calcium channels.

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Joan Fuchs, Margot von Dechend, Raffaella Mordasini, Alessandro Ceschi, Wolfgang Nentwig, 2014. A verified spider bite and a review of the literature confirm Indian ornamental tree spiders (Poecilotheria species) as underestimated theraphosids of medical importance, Toxicon, Volume 77
Abstract
Literature on bird spider or tarantula bites (Theraphosidae) is rare. This is astonishing as they are coveted pets and interaction with their keepers (feeding, cleaning the terrarium or taking them out to hold) might increase the possibility for bites. Yet, this seems to be a rare event and might be why most theraphosids are considered to be harmless, even though the urticating hairs of many American species can cause disagreeable allergic reactions. We are describing a case of a verified bite by an Indian ornamental tree spider (Poecilotheria regalis), where the patient developed severe, long lasting muscle cramps several hours after the bite. We present a comprehensive review of the literature on bites of these beautiful spiders and conclude that a delayed onset of severe muscle cramps, lasting for days, is characteristic for Poecilotheria bites. We discuss Poecilotheria species as an exception from the general assumption that theraphosid bites are harmless to humans.

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Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, Michael S. Brewer, Jason E. Bond, 2014. An evaluation of sampling effects on multiple DNA barcoding methods leads to an integrative approach for delimiting species: A case study of the North American tarantula genus Aphonopelma (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 71
Abstract
The North American tarantula genus Aphonopelma provides one of the greatest challenges to species delimitation and downstream identification in spiders because traditional morphological characters appear ineffective for evaluating limits of intra- and interspecific variation in the group. We evaluated the efficacy of numerous molecular-based approaches to species delimitation within Aphonopelma based upon the most extensive sampling of theraphosids to date, while also investigating the sensitivity of randomized taxon sampling on the reproducibility of species boundaries. Mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) sequences were sampled from 682 specimens spanning the genetic, taxonomic, and geographic breadth of the genus within the United States. The effects of random taxon sampling compared traditional Neighbor-Joining with three modern quantitative species delimitation approaches (ABGD, P ID(Liberal), and GMYC). Our findings reveal remarkable consistency and congruence across various approaches and sampling regimes, while highlighting highly divergent outcomes in GMYC. Our investigation allowed us to integrate methodologies into an efficient, consistent, and more effective general methodological workflow for estimating species boundaries within the mygalomorph spider genus Aphonopelma. Taken alone, these approaches are not particularly useful – especially in the absence of prior knowledge of the focal taxa. Only through the incorporation of multiple lines of evidence, employed in a hypothesis-testing framework, can the identification and delimitation of confident species boundaries be determined. A key point in studying closely related species, and perhaps one of the most important aspects of DNA barcoding, is to combine a sampling strategy that broadly identifies the extent of genetic diversity across the distributions of the species of interest and incorporates previous knowledge into the “species equation” (morphology, molecules, and natural history).

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 15. Februára 2014, 23:30

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Mirza, Z.A., R.V. Sanap & H. Bhosale, 2014. Preliminary review of Indian Eumenophorinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with description of a new genus and five new species from the Western Ghats. PLOS ONE 9(2): e87928. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087928.
Abstract
The theraphosid spider genera Heterophrictus Pocock, 1900 and Neoheterophrictus Siliwal & Raven, 2012 are rediagnosed in this paper and a new genus, Sahydroaraneus gen. nov. is described from Southern Western Ghats. Four new species (two each of Heterophrictus and Neoheterophrictus) and one of Sahydroaraneus gen. nov. are described from the Western Ghats. Plesiophrictus mahabaleshwari Tikader, 1977 is removed from the synonymy of Heterophrictus milleti Pocock, 1900 and is treated as a junior synonym of Heterophrictus blatteri (Gravely, 1935). Plesiophrictus bhori Gravely, 1915 is transferred to the genus Neoheterophrictus, Neoheterophrictus bhori (Gravely, 1915) new combination. The genus, Sahydroaraneus gen. nov., resembles tarantula belonging to the genus, Neoheterophrictus but differs with respect to structure of tibial apophysis and spermathecae. Detailed ultra-structure of setae type of the Indian Eumenophorinae is presented for the first time along with notes on their biogeography. Common elements among Africa, Madagascar and India like the Eumenophorinae and several other mygalomorph spiders advocate mygalomorphae as an important group for evolutionary investigation due to their inability for long distance dispersal rendering the members restrictive in distribution.
Pribudol nam novy rod Sahydroaraneus:
Sahydroaraneus hirsti
Sahydroaraneus collinus
(ex Plesiophrictus collinus)
Sahydroaraneus raja (ex Plesiophrictus raja)

Re-diagnozou presli aj rody Heterophrictus a Neoheterophrictus:
Heterophrictus raveni
Heterophrictus aareyensis
Heterophrictus blatteri
(ex Plesiophrictus blatteri)

Neoheterophrictus smithi
Neoheterophrictus amboli
Neoheterophrictus bhori
(ex Plesiophrictus bhori)

Plesiophrictus mahabaleshwari je odstranene ako synonymum pre Heterophrictus milleti ale je povazovane za mladsie synonymum pre Heterophrictus blatteri.

Obrázok
Heterophrictus aareyensis a-samec, b-samica

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Sanap RV, Mirza ZA. 2013. First description of female Plesiophrictus millardi (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Taprobanica 5(1): 6–11. 
Abstract
The genus Plesiophrictus Pocock (1899) was described when found in Matheran to embody P. millardi. This species was described based on a male specimen, but the female remained unknown for more than a century. Recent surveys conducted in the known range of the species resulted in the discovery of the female, which is herein described for the first time.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Marca 2014, 22:42

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Ferretti, N. & Barneche, J. 2013. Description of two new species of Plesiopelma (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae) from Argentina. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, Porto Alegre 103(4): 374-380. [p. 377, fig. 10-16, tab. II].
ABSTRACT
Two new species of Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901 from northern Argentina are described and diagnosed based on males and habitat descriptions are presented. Males of Plesiopelma paganoi sp. nov. differ from most of species by the absence of spiniform setae on the retrolateral face of cymbium, aspect of the palpal bulb. Plesiopelma aspidosperma sp. nov. differs from most species of the genus by the presence of spiniform setae on the retrolateral face of cymbium and it can be distinguished from P. myodes Pocock, 1901, P. longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942) and P. rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) by the separated palpal bulb keels and basal nodule of metatarsus I very developed. It differs from P. minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943) by the shape of the palpal bulb and basal nodule on metatarsus I well developed. Specimens were captured in Salta province, Argentina, inhabiting high cloud forests of Yungas eco-region.
Popisane dva nove druhy Plesiopelma aspidosperma a Plesiopelma paganoi.


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