Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Diskusia viazaná na konkrétne druhy vtáčkarov

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 8. Mája 2016, 16:21

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Ortiz D., Francke O., 2016: Two DNA barcodes and morphology for multi-method species delimitation in Bonnetina tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2016 May 2. pii: S1055-7903(16)30084-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.003. 
Abstract
Determining species boundaries is a central debate in biology. Several recently developed molecular delimitation methods have highlighted extensive inconsistency in classical morphological taxonomy. However, choosing between them is contentious. Molecular studies on theraphosid spiders have found considerable cryptic diversity and many species redundantly described. Most of these studies have relied only on COI, a mitochondrial marker that has proven its efficacy in animal studies, but which also might lead to an over-estimation of diversity. Here we present an integrative approach to species delimitation in Bonnetina, a poorly known group of tarantulas endemic to Mexico. We employed morphological evidence, as well as different setups with distance-based (Hard-Gap barcoding and ABGD) and tree-based (GMYC, PTP and BPP) molecular barcoding approaches, using one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (ITS1) rapidly evolving loci. BPP is also used as a multi-locus method. We also explored the influence of ambiguous alignment choice and of coding gaps as characters in phylogenetic inference and in species delimitation with that marker. Different delimitation methods with COI gave moderately variable results and this gene exhibited a universal barcode gap. The ITS1 gene tree was well supported and robust to alignment choice; with this locus, coding gaps improved branch support and species delimitation with PTP. No universal barcode gap was found with ITS1, and single locus delimitations returned disparate results. However, this locus helped to highlight cases of under- and overestimations by COI. BPP gave solutions with many lineages, in single locus and combined analyses, especially with the recently implemented unguided methodology. We recognize 12 robustly supported species in our data set, of which seven remain undescribed, and three are morphologically cryptic and. For COI Bonnetina species identification, we propose intra- and inter-specific thresholds of 2 and 6% sequence divergence, respectively. We conclude that morphological signal for species delimitation in Bonnetina is higher than for other studied tarantulas, but it fails to recognize several lineages in the genus. COI is a functional barcoding marker, and the most reliable source of evidence that we used, but it may also lead to inaccurate delimitations. ITS1 is a highly informative locus for species delimitation and species-level phylogeny, but it performs poorly as a barcoding marker. Due to variability between delimitation methods, we suggest combining evidence from multiple approaches to get better-supported results.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 18. Mája 2016, 18:47

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Bertani, Rogério, & Leal, Fernando. (2016). A new species of Pterinopelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from the highlands of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil and description of the male of P. sazimai. Zoologia (Curitiba), 33(2), e20150190. Epub May 06, 2016.https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20150190
We describe a new species of tarantula from the highlands of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Males of the new species can be distinguished from congeners by having palpal bulb keels weakly developed, and metatarsus I strongly curved, touching apex of retrolateral spur when folded. Females can be distinguished by the color pattern, carapace and legs black with conspicuous white rings on distal femora, patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi. The male of Pterinopelma felipeleitei sp. nov. was previously misidentified and described under the name Pterinopelma sazimai Bertani, Nagahama & Fukushima, 2011. The true male of P. sazimai is herein described from a specimen collected near the type locality. Similar to the conspecific female, this male has characteristic blue iridescent setae covering the carapace, chelicerae, legs, and palps. The new species is sympatric with P. sazimai . Both species inhabit a habitat locally known as 'campos rupestres'.
Novy druh Pterinopelma felipeleitei.

Obrázok

Pterinopelma felipeleitei - 20, 21, 22

Pterinopelma sazimai - 19 adult samec

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 4. Júna 2016, 10:55

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García-Arredondo A, Rodríguez-Rios L, Díaz-Peña LF, Vega-Ángeles R. Pharmacological characterization of venoms from three theraphosid spiders: Poecilotheria regalis, Ceratogyrus darlingi and Brachypelma epicureanum. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 2015;21:15. doi:10.1186/s40409-015-0017-8.
Tarantulas (Theraphosidae) represent an important source of novel biologically active compounds that target a variety of ion channels and cell receptors in both insects and mammals. In this study, we evaluate and compare the pharmacological activity of venoms from three taxonomically different theraphosid spiders bred in captivity: Poecilotheria regalis, an aggressive arboreal tarantula from southeastern India; Ceratogyrus darlingi, an aggressive tarantula from southern Africa; and Brachypelma epicureanum, a docile tarantula from the Yucatan dry forest of Mexico. Prior to this study, no research had been conducted with regard to the composition and pharmacological activity of these venoms.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 23. Júla 2016, 19:27

The genera Davus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892, Metriopelma Becker, 1878, and Schizopelma F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 are redefined. The genus Acentropelma Pocock, 1901 is removed from synonymy with Stichoplastus Simon, 1903, and the genus Eurypelmella Strand, 1907b is removed from synonymy with Schizopelma F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 gen. rest. The holotype specimens of Davus fasciatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892, Metriopelma zebratum Banks, 1909, Metriopelma drymusetes Valerio, 1982, Metriopelma breyeri Becker, 1878, Schizopelma bicarinatum F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, and conspecifics of Cyclosternum pentaloris Simon, 1888 are redescribed. Hapalopus ruficeps Simon, 1891 is removed from synonymy with Cyclosternum pentaloris Simon, 1888 and, along with Cyclosternum fasciatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 and Metriopelma zebratum Banks, 1909, are transferred to the genus Davus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892) comb. nov. Davus santos sp. nov. is described. Davus ruficeps is regarded as senior synonym of Metriopelma zebratum syn. nov., Metriopelma drymusetes Valerio, 1982 is regarded as junior synonym of Davus fasciatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 syn. nov. Davus mozinna Estrada-Alvarez, 2014 is regarded as junior synonym of D. pentaloris syn. nov. The specimen of Metriopelma breyeri Becker, 1878 from the Natural History Museum, London, is formally nominated as topotype because the holotype is missing (see Discussion). Metriopelma familiare (Simon, 1889) and Metriopelma ledezmae Vol, 2000 are tentatively transferred to the genus Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871 comb. nov., while Metriopelma coloratus Valerio, 1982 and Metriopelma variegatus (Caporiacco, 1955) are transferred to the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 combs. nov. Metriopelma velox Pocock, 1903, Lasiodora trinitatis (Pocock, 1903), and L. trinitatis pauciaculeis (Strand, 1916) are transferred to the genus Pseudhapalopus Strand, 1907a combs. nov. Metriopelma spinulosum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 is transferred back to the restored genus Acentropelma Pocock, 1901 comb. rest. along with Cyclosternum macropus Ausserer, 1875, Schizopelma sorkini Smith, 1995, and Lasiodora gutzkei Reichling, 1997, transferred from Lasiodora Koch, 1850 combs. nov. Hapalopus nigriventris (Mello-Leitão, 1939) is redescribed. Lasiodora tetricus (Simon 1889) is transferred from Lasiodora Koch, 1850 to the restored genus Miaschistopus Pocock, 1897 comb. rest. The genera Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925, with its single species Neischnocolus panamanus Petrunkevitch, 1925, and Barropelma Chamberlin (1940), with its single species Barropelma parvior Chamberlin and Ivie, 1936, are removed from the synonymy of Lasiodora and restored gen. rest.

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Gabriel R., 2016: Revised taxonomic placement of the species in the Central American genera Davus O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1892, Metriopelma Becker, 1878, and Schizopelma F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, with comments on species in related genera (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology (2016) 17 (2), 61–92.
Obnovene rody:
Acentropelma - kde patria ex Metriopelma spinulosum, ex Cyclosternum macropus, ex Schizopelma sorkini, a ex Lasiodora gutzkei.
Miaschistopus – kde patri ex Lasiodora tetricus.
Neischnocolus – kde patri ex Lasiodora panamana.
Barropelma – kde patri ex Lasiodora parvior.
Eurypelmella – kde patri ex Schizopelma masculinum.

Reopisy:
Davus fasciatus, Davus pentaloris,

Nove druhy:
Davus santos

Synonyma a ine zmeny:
Davus fasciatus - ex Metriopelma drymusetes
Davus ruficeps – ex Metriopelma zebratum.
Davus pentaloris -ex Davus mozinna.
Metriopelma familiare a Metriopelma ledezmae – presunute do rodu Cyclosternum. Po novom teda Cyclosternum familiare a Cyclosternum ledezmae.
Metriopelma coloratus a Metriopelma variegatus – presunute do rodu Hapalopus. Po novom teda Hapalopus coloratus a Hapalopus variegatus.
Metriopelma velox , Lasiodora trinitatis a L. trinitatis pauciaculeis – presunute do rodu Pseudhapalopus. Po novom teda Pseudhapalopus velox, Pseudhapalopus trinitatis a Pseudhapalopus trinitatis pauciaculeis.

Metriopelma breyeri – ustanoveny novy topotype, pretoze holotyp bol zniceny.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 2. Augusta 2016, 20:03

Abstract: A male of Avicularia rickwesti Bertani & Huff, 2013 from Pedernales province, Dominican Republic in the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola is, herein, described and figured. The males of Avicularia rickwesti differ from all other congeners by the presence of well-developed keels on the embolus of the palpal bulb. The species is rediagnosed.

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Kaderka R., 2016. Description of the male of Avicularia rickwesti, Bertani & Huff, 2013, a remarkable species from the Dominican Republic (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae). Revista Ibérica de Arachnología, 28:121-127.


Opis samca Avicularia rickwesti od Radana Kaderky.

Abstract A new monotypic Theraphosidae genus, Kankuamo Perafán, Galvis & Pérez-Miles, gen. n., is described from Colombia, with a new type of urticating setae. These setae differ from others principally by having a small distal oval patch of lanceolate reversed barbs. Males of Kankuamo gen. n. additionally differ by having a palpal bulb organ very divergent from all known species, with many conspicuous keels dispersed across the median tegulum to the tip, mostly with serrated edges. Females differ by having spermathecae with a single notched receptacle, with two granulated lobes and several irregular sclerotized longitudinal striations. The new urticating setae, type VII, is characterized, illustrated and its releasing mechanism is discussed. It is hypothesized that these setae are the first in Theraphosinae subfamily whose release mechanism is by direct contact. Kankuamo gen. n. is described and illustrated on the basis of the type species Kankuamo marquezi Perafán, Galvis & Gutiérrez, sp. n., and their remarkable characteristics, morphological affinities and cladistic relationship are analyzed.

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Perafán C., Galvis W., Gutiérrez M. & Pérez-Miles F., 2016: Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. ZooKeys, 601: 89-109.
Obrázok

Novy rod Kankuamo s novym typom obrannych chlpkov.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 3. Septembra 2016, 21:22

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Ferretti. et all. 2016. A new species of Acanthoscurria (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) without stridulatoryorgan, from southern Peru. Revista peruana de biología 23(2): 089 - 094
Acanthoscurria sacsayhuaman sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) is described based on a male from Cusco, Peru. The new species is characterized by the absence of stridulatory bristles on retrolateral face of palpal trochanter. Moreover, it can be distinguished by morphology of the male palpal bulb and tibial apophysis of the first pair of legs. The genus is recorded for the first time for Peru.
Opisany novy druh Acanthoscurria sacsayhuaman. Praca nema potrebnu kvalitu. Zaradenie do rodu Acanthoscurria diskutabilne aj napriek upozorneniam recenzenta, ze sa jedna pravdepodobne o iny rod. Tento druh nema ziadne stridulacne stetiny.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 24. Septembra 2016, 19:50

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Mendoza J.I., Locht A., Kaderka R., Medina F. & Pérez-Miles F. 2016. A new genus of Theraphosid spider from Mexico, with a particular palpal bulb structure (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1–28.
Abstract. Magnacarina gen. nov. from Mexico is described. Hapalopus aldanus West, 2000 from Nayarit, is transferred to the new genus with an emended diagnosis creating the new combination Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. Three new species are described: Magnacarina moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov. from Nayarit and Sinaloa; Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov. and Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., both from Jalisco. Magnacarina gen. nov. is characterized by an unusual bifi d palpal bulb, and has a primary projection located in the central area of the palpal bulb and directed retrolaterally; this projection possesses the prolateral superior and retrolateral keels. Next to the primary projection is a secondary projection, which may be short or long, ending in the prolateral inferior and apical keel surrounding the sperm pore. This secondary projection may have prolateral accessory keels and is diagnosed by possessing a nodule of inwardly curled megaspines, located in the basal ventro-retrolateral region of metatarsi I in adult males. Additionally, male tibiae I possess three apophyses. Females of Magnacarina gen. nov. have a single reduced and strongly sclerotized spermatheca, with an apical lobe projecting ventrally, and with a uterus externus that is longer and wider than the spermatheca.
Popisany novy rod Magnacarina.

Magnacarina aldanus - ex Hapalopus aldanus
Magnacarina moderata, Magnacarina primaverensis, Magnacarina cancer - nove

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Januára 2017, 10:51

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Cifuentes, Y., Estrada-Gomez, S., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J. & Perafán, C. (2016). Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia (Curitiba) 33(6, e20160113): 1-6.
ABSTRACT. A new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 is described from the Colombian Andes, Medellín, Antioquia.The biochemistry and molecular characteristics of the venom of this new species (previously identified as Pamphobeteus aff.nigricolor) has been already described. A detailed taxonomic study, comparing this species with holotypes and additionalmaterial of Pamphobeteus species, allowed us to recognize it as new, and to describe it here as Pamphobeteus verdolaga sp.nov. The male of P. verdolaga sp. nov. is distinguished by the palpal bulb with broad embolus, poorly developed apical keel(A), prolateral inferior keel (PI) and prolateral accessory keel (PAc) present but poorly developed, and retrolateral keel (R)of similar length as A. Females are distinguished by the morphology of spermatheca with a wide base and very short ovalseminal receptacles, which are curved toward the center. This is the thirteenth species described in Pamphobeteus and thesixth species reported from Colombia. The species description is complemented by a molecular characterization of a partialCO1 sequence.
Novy popis Pamphobeteus verdolaga.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Februára 2017, 13:10

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Deng M, Hu Z, Cai T, Liu K, Wu W, Luo X, Jiang L, Wang M, Yang J, Xiao Y, Liang S. Characterization of ion channels on subesophageal ganglion neurons from  Chinese tarantula Ornithoctonus huwena: Exploring the myth of the spider insensitive to its venom. Toxicon. 2016 Sep 15;120:61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.011. PubMed PMID: 27452932.
Abstract Chinese tarantula Ornithoctonus huwena is one of the most venomous spiders distributing in the hilly areas of southern China. In this study, using whole-cell patch-clamp technique we investigated electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of ion channels from tarantula subesophageal ganglion neurons. It was found that the neurons express multiple kinds of ion channels at least including voltage-gated calcium channels, TTX-sensitive sodium channels and two types of potassium channels. They exhibit pharmacological properties similar to mammalian subtypes. Spider calcium channels were sensitive to ω-conotoxin GVIA and diltiazem, two well-known inhibitors of mammalian neuronal high-voltage-activated (HVA) subtypes. 4-Aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium could inhibit spider outward transient and delayed-rectifier potassium channels, respectively. Huwentoxin-I and huwentoxin-IV are two abundant toxic components in the venom of Ornithoctonus huwena. Interestingly, although in our previous work they inhibit HVA calcium channels and TTX-sensitive sodium channels from mammalian sensory neurons, respectively, they fail to affect the subtypes from spider neurons. Moreover, the crude venom has no effect on delayed-rectifier potassium channels and only slightly reduces transient outward potassium channels with an IC50 value of ∼51.3 mg/L. Therefore, our findings provide important evidence for ion channels from spiders having an evolution as self-defense and prey mechanism.

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Borges MH, Figueiredo SG, Leprevost FV, De Lima ME, Cordeiro Mdo N, Diniz MR,  Moresco J, Carvalho PC, Yates JR. Venomous extract protein profile of Brazilian tarantula Grammostola iheringi: searching for potential biotechnological applications. J Proteomics. 2016 Mar 16;136:35-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.013. PubMed PMID: 26828374.
Abstract Tarantula spiders, Theraphosidae family, are spread throughout most tropical regions of the world. Despite their size and reputation, there are few reports of accidents. However, like other spiders, their venom is considered a remarkable source of toxins, which have been selected through millions of years of evolution. The present work provides a proteomic overview of the fascinating complexity of the venomous extract of the Grammostola iheringi tarantula, obtained by electrical stimulation of the chelicerae. For analysis a bottom-up proteomic approach Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) was used. Based on bioinformatics analyses, PepExplorer, a similarity-driven search tool that identifies proteins based on phylogenetically close organisms, a total of 395 proteins were identified in this venomous extract. Most of the identifications (~70%) were classified as predicted (21%), hypothetical (6%) and putative (37%), while a small group (6%) had no predicted function. Identified molecules matched with neurotoxins that act on ions channels; proteases, such as serine proteases, metalloproteinases, cysteine proteinases, aspartic proteinases, carboxypeptidases and cysteine-rich secretory enzymes (CRISP) and some molecules with unknown target. Additionally, non-classical venom proteins were also identified. Up to now, this study represents, to date, the first broad characterization of the composition of G. iheringi venomous extract. Our data provides a tantalizing insight into the diversity of proteins in this venom and their biotechnological potential.

SIGNIFICANCE: Animal venoms contain a diversity of molecules able to bind to specific cell targets. Due to their biochemical and physiological properties, these molecules are interesting for medical and biotechnological purposes. In this study, a large number of components of the venomous extract of the spider Grammostola iheringi were identified by the MudPIT technique. It was demonstrated that this approach is a sensitive and adequate method to achieve a broad spectrum of information about animal venoms. Using this bottom-up proteomic method, classical and non-classical venom proteins were identified which stimulate new interest in the systematic research of their protein components.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 3. Marca 2017, 17:02

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Fukushima CS, Bertani R (2017) Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. ZooKeys 659: 1–185.
Abstract
The genus Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as Aranea avicularia Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests Avicularia and Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includes Avicularia Lamarck, 1818, Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881, Ephebopus Simon, 1892, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895, Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899, Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901, Ybyrapora gen. n., Caribena gen. n., and Antillena gen. n. The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally. Avicularia synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view. Avicularia is composed of twelve species, including three new species: Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1818), Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891, Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., A. minatrix Pocock, 1903, Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920), Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, A. hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, Avicularia merianae sp. n., A. lynnae sp. n., and A. caei sp. n. Avicularia species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, ZooKeys 659: 1–185 (2017) doi: 10.3897/zookeys.659.10717 http://zookeys.pensoft.net Copyright Caroline S. Fukushima, Rogério Bertani. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. MONOGRAPH Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A peer-reviewed open-access journal 2 Caroline Sayuri Fukushima & Rogério Bertani / ZooKeys 659: 1–185 (2017) Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former Avicularia species: Caribena gen. n., composed of Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. and Caribena versicolor (Walckenaer, 1837), comb. n.; Antillena gen. n., with a single species, Antillena rickwesti (Bertani & Huff, 2013), comb. n., both from the Caribbean; and Ybyrapora gen. n., composed of Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n., Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), comb. n. and Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies Avicularia avicularia variegata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n. The following new synonymies are established: Avicularia velutina Simon 1889, Avicularia exilis Strand, 1907, Avicularia ancylochyra Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia cuminami Mello-Leitão, 1930, and Avicularia nigrotaeniata Mello-Leitão, 1940 are junior synonyms of A. avicularia; Avicularia bicegoi Mello-Leitão, 1923 is a junior synonym of A. variegata stat. n., and Avicularia urticans Schmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym of Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923. Species transferred to other genera: Avicularia affinis (Nicolet, 1849) is transferred to Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, making the new combination Euathlus affinis (Nicolet, 1849), comb. n.; Avicularia subvulpina Strand, 1906 is transferred to Grammostola Simon, 1892, making the new combination Grammostola subvulpina (Strand, 1906), comb. n.; Avicularia aymara (Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred to Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994, making the new combination Thrixopelma aymara (Chamberlin, 1916), comb. n.; Avicularia leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) and Avicularia plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred to Iridopelma Pocock, 1901, making the new combinations Iridopelma leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841), comb. n. and Iridopelma plantaris (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n.; the two last species are considered nomina dubia. The following species are considered nomina dubia: Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus hirsutum Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891 nomen dubium; Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium; Araneus hirtipes (Fabricius, 1787) nomen dubium; Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Avicularia detrita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 nomen dubium; Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Avicularia rapax (Ausserer, 1875) nomen dubium; Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; and Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907 nomen dubium. Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778) is considered nomen nudum. Keys are provided for identification of all aviculariine genera, as well as to Avicularia, Caribena gen. n., Ybyrapora gen. n. and Antillena gen. n. species. Maps with records and information on species habitat are also presented. Lectotypes are newly designed for A. avicularia, A. variegata stat. n., A. juruensis, C. laeta comb. n., E. affinis comb. n. and a neotype is established for C. versicolor comb. n.
Pokracovanie dole....

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Marca 2017, 20:32

Rod Avicularia ma nasledovne zmeny:

Avicularia:
Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1818), Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891, Avicularia variegata (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n., A. minatrix Pocock, 1903, Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920), Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945, Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990, A. hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006, Avicularia merianae sp. n., A. lynnae sp. n., and A. caei sp. n. – su to vsetko pavuky, ktore v rode ostali.

V pripade ak vlastnite dole uvedene druhy, vsetky su nomen dubium (typove druhy neexistuju, su stratene alebo poskodene) – nie je teda s cim porovnat:

Avicularia hirsutissima (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus hirsutum Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Ischnocolus gracilis Keyserling, 1891 nomen dubium; Avicularia arabica (Strand, 1908) nomen dubium; Araneus hirtipes (Fabricius, 1787) nomen dubium; Avicularia ochracea (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia walckenaerii (Perty, 1833) nomen dubium; Avicularia testacea (C. L. Koch, 1841) nomen dubium; Avicularia detrita (C. L. Koch, 1842) nomen dubium; Ischnocolus doleschalli Ausserer, 1871 nomen dubium; Avicularia metallica Ausserer, 1875 nomen dubium; Avicularia rapax (Ausserer, 1875) nomen dubium; Avicularia holmbergi Thorell, 1890 nomen dubium; Avicularia aurantiaca Bauer, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia azuraklaasi Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia huriana Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia ulrichea Tesmoingt, 1996 nomen dubium; Avicularia braunshauseni Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia geroldi Tesmoingt, 1999 nomen dubium; Avicularia soratae Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata Strand, 1907 nomen dubium; Avicularia fasciculata clara Strand, 1907 nomen dubium, Avicularia surinamensis Strand, 1907 nomen dubium. Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778) je povazovana za nomen nudum. Tieto pavuky nemaju v chove ziadnu hodnotu a urcite ich nekupujte – „neexistuju“. Doteraz predavane pavuky pod tymto menom su len nepodlozene domnienky chovatelov najznamejsie zo zoznamu napr: Avicularia metallica, Avicularia azuraklaasi, Avicularia aurantiaca, Avicularia braunshauseni, Avicularia geroldi atd.

Vznikli tri nove rody Caribena gen. n., Ybyrapora gen. n. a Antillena gen. n..

Tu je najmarkantnejsia zmena Caribena laeta (C. L. Koch, 1842), comb. n. a Caribena versicolor (ex Avicularia versicolor).

Rod Antillena tvori len jeden druh Antillena rickwesti (ex Avicularia rickwesti).

Do rodu Ybyrapora patri: Ybyrapora sooretama (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009), Ybyrapora gamba (Bertani & Fukushima, 2009) a Ybyrapora diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) – vsetko ex Avicularie.

Synonymizacie a presuny (platny nazov je zvyrazneny):

Avicularia bicegoi, Avicularia avicularia variegata - Avicularia variegata
Avicularia velutina Simon 1889, Avicularia exilis Strand, 1907, Avicularia ancylochyra Mello-Leitão, 1923, Avicularia cuminami Mello-Leitão, 1930, a Avicularia nigrotaeniata – Avicularia avicularia
Avicularia urticans - Avicularia juruensis
Avicularia affinis - Euathlus affinis
Avicularia subvulpina - Grammostola subvulpina
Avicularia aymara - Thrixopelma aymara
Avicularia leporina (C. L. Koch, 1841) and Avicularia plantaris – Iridopelma ?

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 30. Marca 2017, 10:08

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Candia-Ramírez, D. T. & Francke, O. F. (2017). Taxonomic revision of the genus Crassicrus Reichling & West, 1996 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with the description of additional keels on the embolus. Journal of Arachnology 45(1): 67-98. 
Since its original description, the theraphosid spider genus Crassicrus Reichling & West, 1996 has not been revised and no new species have been described. While reviewing material deposited in the Mexican National Collection of Arachnids (National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City) and the American Museum of Natural History (New York, USA), we encountered specimens corresponding to four new species of Crassicrus from Mexico. In this revision, we include a redescription of the genus and its type species, C. lamanai Reichling & West, 1996, and describe four new species: C. bidxigui, C. tochtli, C. cocona, and C. yumkimil. Species habitat data are provided, as well as identification keys for males and females. In addition, new keels on the male embolus were identified and are described. In the Theraphosinae, the presence of one retrolateral keel has been reported, but in Crassicrus, there are two or three retrolateral keels, and a new taxonomical nomenclature for these keels is proposed. The genus Crassicrus is recorded from Mexico for the first time, increasing the number of known theraphine genera in the country to 16.
Do rodu Crassicrus nam pribudli 4 nove druhy C. bidxigui, C. tochtli, C. cocona, a C. yumkimil.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 26. Apríla 2017, 18:24

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Ríos-Tamayo, D. (2017). Re-description of Trichopelma cubanum (Theraphosidae: Ischnocolinae) and comments about the familial placement of Trichopelma. Munis Entomology and Zoology 12(1): 194-198
ABSTRACT: A detailed re-description of the type specimen of Trichopelma cubanum (Simon, 1903) is presented. Comments and observations are made regarding morphological characters, such as the absence of teeth on the paired claws and the presence of small teeth on the anterior edge of the booklung opening. These characters, found in other species of Trichopelma Simon, 1888 (represented in the Neotropical region by 16 species), suggest that the recent transfer of the genus to Theraphosidae may be unjustified, and that Trichopelma may indeed be more closely related to the Barychelidae.
Praca naznacuje, ze presun tohto rodu do Theraphosidae bol mozno unahleny a Trichopelma vykazuje skor znaky pribuzne Barychelidae.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 26. Apríla 2017, 18:42

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Mendoza Jorge, Francke Oscar (2017) Systematic revision of Brachypelma red-kneed tarantulas (Araneae : Theraphosidae), and the use of DNA barcodes to assist in the identification and conservation of CITES-listed species. Invertebrate Systematics 31, 157-179.
Abstract. Mexican red-kneed tarantulas of the genus Brachypelma are regarded as some of the most desirable invertebrate pets, and although bred in captivity, they continue to be smuggled out of the wild in large numbers. Species are often difficult to identify based solely on morphology, therefore prompt and accurate identification is required for adequate protection. Thus,weexplored the applicability of using COI-basedDNAbarcoding as a complementary identification tool. Brachypelma smithi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) and Brachypelma hamorii Tesmongt, Cleton & Verdez, 1997 are redescribed, and their morphological differences defined. Brachypelma annitha is proposed as a new synonym of B. smithi. The current distribution of red-kneed tarantulas shows that the Balsas River basin may act as a geographical barrier. Morphological and molecular evidence are concordant and together provide robust hypotheses for delimiting Mexican red-kneed tarantula species. DNA barcoding of these tarantulas is further shown to be useful for species-level identification and for potentially preventing black market trade in these spiders. As a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) listing does not protect habitat, or control wildlifemanagement or human interactionswith organisms, it is important to support environmental conservation activities to provide an alternative income for local communities and to avoid damage to wildlife populations.
Jedine co sa pre nas "meni" je, ze Brachypelma annitha je mladsie synonymum pre Brachypelma smithi. V chove sa teda vyskytuju prevazne Brachypelma smithi a rozne krizence. Do buducnosti je dolezite mat jedince s dolozenou lokalitou, pricom aj jednotlive druhy Brachypelma smithi "group" su naozaj rozdele roznymi geografickymi prekazkami a teda vo volnej prirode sa medzi sebou prakticky nekrizia. Brachypelma smithi je tu opisana podla viacerych variant sfarbenia karapaxu a spermateky. Od Brachypelma hamorii sa lisi hlavne sfarbenim chelicier. Brachypelma hamorii ich ma hlavne po zvleku zvyraznene svetlym pasikom.

Kto si od mudrlantov zakupil Brachypelma annitha ako vzdy gratulujem :D . Kupil ste si predrazenu Brachypelma smithi.

Obrázok
http://tinyurl.com/n6ywy4s - Brachypelma hamorii

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 3. Mája 2017, 17:02

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Steven C. Nunn, Rick C. West, and Volker Von Wirth, “A Revision of the Selenocosmiine Tarantula Genus Phlogiellus Pocock 1897 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with Description of 4 New Species,” International Journal of Zoology, vol. 2016, Article ID 9895234, 54 pages, 2016. doi:10.1155/2016/9895234
The tarantula genus Phlogiellus (Pocock 1897) is revised. The genus is diagnosed against all other selenocosmiine genera for the first time along with a new generic description. The tribe Yamiini (Kishida 1920) is diagnosed against all other selenocosmiine tribes. All Phlogiellus species are diagnosed from all congeners; all species are mapped. Complete dichotomous keys for both sexes of all species are included. Where appropriate, intraspecific variation is discussed. Four new species are described: P. bogadeki sp. nov. from Hong Kong, P. johnreylazoi sp. nov. from Palawan Island, Philippines, P. moniqueverdezae sp. nov. from Ranong, Thailand, and P. pelidnus sp. nov. from Sabah, Borneo. The type species P. atriceps (Pocock 1897) holotype male is redescribed and the male P. baeri (Simon 1877) is described in detail for the first time. The validity of P. inermis (Ausserer 1871) is confirmed. Relationships between all known selenocosmiine genera and Phlogiellus from the Philippines are discussed and several character traits are newly diagnosed. The tribe Phlogiellini (West et al. 2012) is a junior synonym of Yamiini (Kishida 1920). Selenocosmia orophila (Thorell 1897) from Myanmar, Selenocosmia insulana (Hirst 1909) from Djampea (= Jampea) Island, and Selenocosmia obscura (Hirst 1909) from Sarawak, Borneo, are transferred to Phlogiellus, altering the specific names to Phlogiellus orophilus (Thorell 1897) comb. nov., Phlogiellus insulanus (Hirst 1909) comb. nov., and Phlogiellus obscurus (Hirst 1909) comb. nov. Phlogiellus subarmatus (Thorell 1891) is transferred to Chilobrachys (Karsch 1891), becoming Chilobrachys subarmatus (Thorell 1891) comb. nov. Phlogiellus kwebaburdeos (Barrion-Dupo et al., 2014) is transferred to Orphnaecus (Simon 1892), becoming Orphnaecus kwebaburdeos (Barrion-Dupo et al., 2014) comb. nov. Phlogiellus ornatus (Thorell 1897) and Phlogiellus nebulosus (Rainbow 1899) are considered species inquirenda. Phlogiellus baeri (Simon 1877) is no longer considered incertae sedis; Phlogiellus bicolor (Strand 1911) and Phlogiellus insularis (Simon 1877) are considered incertae sedis.
Zanikol nam rod Yamia, ktory je povazovany za mladsie synonymum Phlogiellus avsak ostal nam tribus Yamiini. Sem patria rody Phlogiellus a Orphnaecus. Popisali sa 4 nove druhy Phlogiellus johnreylazoi, Phlogiellus bogadeki, Phlogiellus moniqueverdezae, Phlogiellus pelidnus.

- reopis druhu P. atriceps
- samec P. baeri je opisany prvy raz
- potvrdenie validity P. inermis
- zanikol tribus Phlogiellini, ktory je povazovany za mladsie synonymum tribu Yamiini
- Selenocosmia orophila, Selenocosmia insulana a Selenocosmia obscura boli presunute do rodu Phlogiellus ako Phlogiellus orophilus (Thorell 1897) comb. nov., Phlogiellus insulanus (Hirst 1909) comb. nov., and Phlogiellus obscurus (Hirst 1909) comb. nov
- Phlogiellus subarmatus je presunuty do rodu Chilobrachys
- Phlogiellus kwebaburdeos je presunuty do rodu Orphnaecus
- druhy Phlogiellus ornatus (Thorell 1897) a Phlogiellus nebulosus (Rainbow 1899) su vedene ako species inquirenda
- Phlogiellus bicolor (Strand 1911) and Phlogiellus insularis (Simon 1877) su povazovane za incertae sedis

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 6. Mája 2017, 20:19

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Carvalho, L. S., Martins, P. H., Schneider, M. C. & Cabra-García, J. J. (2017). New records of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the state of Roraima, northern Brazil. Check List 13(1, 2040): 1-23. doi:10.15560/13.1.2040
Abstract: The Brazilian spider fauna comprises thousands of described species, mostly known by only one or two records, and there are large sampling gaps. The spider fauna of the state of Roraima is enigmatic in Brazil and remains largely unknown. Herein, we present a list of spider species recently collected during an expedition in Roraima. Species-level identifications were possible for 229 adult individuals of 54 species. Five species are newly recorded from Brazil, and 30 species are presented for the first time from Roraima. Most of these new records are represented by widespread species, representing the huge and historical deficiency in the spider sampling throughout Roraima.
Zmienka o druhoch Guyruita waikoshiemi, Theraphosa stirmi, Psalmopoeus irminia.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 7. Mája 2017, 23:12

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M. Jayashankar and A. V. Sudhikumar 2016. Reporting Plesiophrictus sp. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Bengaluru region. Biotic Environment, formerly Insect Environment. Vol. 21(4)
Kratka referencia o rode Plesiophrictus.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 24. Mája 2017, 15:39

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Ortiz D., Francke O., 2017. Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2017, XX, 1–68.
Velmi podrobna 68 stranova revizia rodu Bonnetina.

Bonnetina rudloffi je nomen dubium - nie je mozne overit pravu lokalitu tohto druhu a to z dovodu, ze typovy druh pochadza od priekupnikov zvierat. Typovy druh nadovazok nema ziadne vyznamne znaky, pricom nie je mozne ustanovit jeho presne zaradenie. Lokalita, kde by sa mal nachadzat je momentalne dlhsiu dobu pod vplyvom drogovych kartelov a nie je mozne nazbierat ine vzorky.

Bonnetina reycastilloi je mladsie synonymum pre Bonnetina tanzeri
Cyclosternum obscurum sa presunula do rodu Bonnetina

Nove druhy:
Bonnetina minax
Bonnetina malinalli
Bonnetina vittata
Bonnetina hijmenseni
Bonnetina julesvernei
Bonnetina unam
Bonnetina megagyna
Bonnetina tindoo
Bonnetina hobbit
Bonnetina flammigera
Bonnetina julesvernei

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 1. Augusta 2017, 12:24

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Pérez-Miles, F., Guadanucci, J.P.L., Jurgilas, J.P. et al. 2017. Morphology and evolution of scopula, pseudoscopula and claw tufts in Mygalomorphae (Araneae) Zoomorphology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-017-0364-9
We studied the morphology of scopula, claw tufts and a scopula-like feature (pseudoscopula) of tarsi on representatives of all Mygalomorphae spider families. The pseudoscopula is constituted by groups of non-microtriched conical setae. The taxonomic distribution of all these features was studied and mapped on a recent phylogeny of Mygalomorphae and the association of them with the lifestyles of the spiders was analyzed. Adhesive setae, as well as some other setal types found on ventral tarsi are described and characterized. The adhesive face of setae varied in the orientation in different parts of the tarsi, and this variation is more conspicuous in the spiders which only have claw tufts or scopula. We found an association of adhesive scopulae and claw tufts with burrower/cursorial or thin wafer lid trapdoor mygalomorphs as suggested for free hunter spiders, but we found that the pseudoscopula is associated with males of some trap-door and some weavers mygalomorphs. The presence of pseudoscopula widely extended among Mygalomorphae seems to be ancestral for the infraorder. The setal morphology of pseudoscopula suggests chemosensorial function; sparse chemosensory setae were also found in almost all Mygalomorphae. The morphology, functions and evolution of scopula, claw tufts and pseudoscopula are discussed.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 3. Augusta 2017, 08:44

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Guadanucci, J. P. L., Perafán, C. & Valencia-Cuéllar, D. (2017). The genus Holothele Karsch, 1879: the identity of the type species (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zoosystema 39(2): 263-271. doi:10.5252/z2017n2a5
The genus Holothele Karsch, 1879 has a confusing taxonomic history, mainly due to a imprecise and outdated generic diagnosis, perpetuated since its original description. In this work, we propose a new diagnosis for the genus, redescribe the type species Holothele recta Karsch, 1879 and propose a few taxonomic changes. Holothele longipes is here considered as a senior synonym of Holothele recta Karsch, 1879, Stichoplastus sanguiniceps F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1898, Dryptopelmides rondoni Lucas & Bücherl, 1972, Dryptopelmides ludwigi Strand, 1907. We also provide updated geographic distribution records for Holothele longipes and propose the revalidation of Scopelobates Simon, 1903.
Holothele sericeus sa presunul do obnoveneho rodu Scopelobates, ako zatial jediny druh. Zistili mu pritomnost obrannych chlpkov I a III. Holothele longipes je starsie synonymum pre Holothele recta, Stichoplastus sanguiniceps (Holothele sanguiniceps), Dryptopelmides rondoni, Dryptopelmides ludwigi a v platnosti ostava prvy menovany.

Nas sa to tyka hlavne ak chovate Holothele sanguiniceps - vizitku si prepiste na Holothele longipes.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 8. Augusta 2017, 13:31

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Steven P. Turner, Stuart J. Longhorn, Chris A. Hamilton, Ray Gabriel, Fernando PÉrez-Miles & Alfried P. Vogler (2017): Re-evaluating conservation priorities of New World tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in a molecular framework indicates nonmonophyly of the genera, Aphonopelma and Brachypelma, Systematics and Biodiversity, DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1346719
We present a mtDNA gene tree of tarantula spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) based on the mitochondrial 16S-tRNA (leu)-ND1 gene region as a promising initial molecular hypothesis to clarify the taxonomy of the largest subfamily, Theraphosinae. Many species of this New World subfamily are traded widely as exotic pets, yet few scientific studies on them exist, and the robustness of many supposed taxonomic groupings is debatable. Yet the validity of taxon names and knowledge of their distinctiveness is vital for trade regulation, most notably for the Neotropical genus Brachypelma Simon 1891, which is listed under CITES (Appendix II, see online supplemental material, which is available from the article’s Taylor & Francis Online page at https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2017.1346719). The use of molecular markers for tarantula taxonomy has been limited until recently, with most previous studies relying on morphological methods. Our findings, from newly collected molecular data, have several nomenclatural implications, suggesting a need for a rigorous overhaul of Theraphosinae classification at multiple hierarchical levels. Here, we take steps toward a revised classification, favouring division of Theraphosinae into three tribes: the Theraphosini trib. nov., the Hapalopini trib. nov., and the Grammostolini trib. nov. We also make conservation recommendations for two non-monophyletic genera. Firstly, we recover Aphonopelma Pocock 1901 as polyphyletic, finding that the large radiation into the USA and Mexico is taxonomically distinct from at least three other lineages distributed throughout Central America, one of which includes the type species of the genus. Secondly, and importantly for conservation, we find diphyly in the CITES listed genus Brachypelma Simon 1891, where our data strongly favour a division into two distinct smaller genera. We consider only the lineage with endemics in the Pacific coastal zone of Mexico to be of conservation concern. Finally, we also make suggestions on the future direction of revisionary research for the Theraphosidae as a whole.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 15. Augusta 2017, 19:46

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Santana, R.C.; Perez, D.; Dobson, J.; Panagides, N.; Raven, R.J.; Nouwens, A.; Jones, A.; King, G.F.; Fry, B.G. Venom Profiling of a Population of the Theraphosid Spider Phlogius crassipes Reveals Continuous Ontogenetic Changes from Juveniles through Adulthood. Toxins 2017, 9, 116. 
Abstract: Theraphosid spiders (tarantulas) are venomous arthropods found in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tarantula venoms are a complex cocktail of toxins with potential use as pharmacological tools, drugs and bioinsecticides. Although numerous toxins have been isolated from tarantula venoms, little research has been carried out on the venom of Australian tarantulas. We therefore investigated the venom profile of the Australian theraphosid spider Phlogius crassipes and examined whether there are ontogenetic changes in venom composition. Spiders were divided into four ontogenic groups according to cephalothorax length, then the venom composition of each group was examined using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We found that the venom of P. crassipes changes continuously during development and throughout adulthood. Our data highlight the need to investigate the venom of organisms over the course of their lives to uncover and understand the changing functions of venom and the full range of toxins expressed. This in turn should lead to a deeper understanding of the organism’s ecology and enhance the potential for biodiscovery.

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Oldrati V, Koua D, Allard PM, Hulo N, Arrell M, et al. (2017) Peptidomic and transcriptomic profiling of four distinct spider venoms. PLOS ONE 12(3): e0172966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172966
Abstract
Venom based research is exploited to find novel candidates for the development of innovative pharmacological tools, drug candidates and new ingredients for cosmetic and agrochemical industries. Moreover, venomics, as a well-established approach in systems biology, helps to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the production of such a great molecular biodiversity. Today the advances made in the proteomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics fields, favor venomics, allowing the in depth study of complex matrices and the elucidation even of minor compounds present in minute biological samples. The present study illustrates a rapid and efficient method developed for the elucidation of venom composition based on NextGen mRNA sequencing of venom glands and LC-MS/MS venom proteome profiling. The analysis of the comprehensive data obtained was focused on cysteine rich peptide toxins from four spider species originating from phylogenetically distant families for comparison purposes. The studied species were Heteropoda davidbowie (Sparassidae), Poecilotheria formosa (Theraphosidae), Viridasius fasciatus (Viridasiidae) and Latrodectus mactans (Theridiidae). This led to a high resolution profiling of 284 characterized cysteine rich peptides, 111 of which belong to the Inhibitor Cysteine Knot (ICK) structural motif. The analysis of H. davidbowie venom revealed a high richness in term of venom diversity: 95 peptide sequences were identified; out of these, 32 peptides presented the ICK structural motif and could be classified in six distinct families. The profiling of P. formosa venom highlighted the presence of 126 peptide sequences, with 52 ICK toxins belonging to three structural distinct families. V. fasciatus venom was shown to contain 49 peptide sequences, out of which 22 presented the ICK structural motif and were attributed to five families. The venom of L. mactans, until now studied for its large neurotoxins (Latrotoxins), revealed the presence of 14 cysteine rich peptides, out of which five were ICK toxins belonging to the CSTX superfamily. This in depth profiling of distinct ICK peptide families identified across the four spider species highlighted the high conservation of these neurotoxins among spider families.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 15. Augusta 2017, 20:04

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Martin Nyffeler, Witold Lapinski, Andrew Snyder, and Klaus Birkhofer 2017. Spiders feeding on earthworms revisited: consumption of giant earthworms in the tropics. Journal of Arachnology 45 (2), 242-247
Abstract Predation on earthworms is common in some generalist predator species, as for example several ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) that frequently feed on earthworms. In spiders (Araneae), however, such behavior is far less well documented. A survey of reports on spiders feeding on earthworms yielded a total of 44 naturally occurring predation events. Spiders from 14 families were observed feeding on earthworms in nature, and species from two additional families consumed earthworm prey in captivity. Earthworm predation by spiders has been observed in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions in 18 different countries. Tropical spiders from the families Theraphosidae (Mygalomorphae) and Ctenidae (Araneomorphae) accounted for 59% of the reported predation events. Reports from French Guiana document the capture of giant earthworms (0.6–1 m in length) by the giant tarantula, Theraphosa blondi (Latreille, 1804). Predation on giant earthworms by large tarantulas has also been observed in rainforest habitats in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are known to feed on earthworms in Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, and Singapore. Quite obviously, larger-sized mygalomorph and araneomorph spiders in humid tropical rainforests are predators with broad feeding niches—including earthworms and vertebrate prey in addition to arthropod prey—and this is presumed to improve the survival of these spiders. By comparison, reports of earthworm predation in temperate climate are rarer, and recent molecular studies of the diet composition of lycosid and linyphiid spider species in Swedish arable fields suggest that earthworms are not a common prey of these species.
Praca potvrdzuje, ze ani Theraphosidae nepohrdne v prirode dazdovkou :) .

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 17. Augusta 2017, 09:43

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Chomphuphuang N, Smith D, Wongvilas S, Sivayyapram V, Songsangchote C, Warrit N (2017) New species of Southeast Asian Dwarf Tarantula from Thailand: Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 (Theraphosidae, Selenocosmiinae). ZooKeys 684: 57–73.
Abstract A new record of the tarantula genus Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897 from Thailand is described. Distributional data, natural history, morphological characters, and illustrations of male and female are provided. The Thai specimens belong to a new species, Phlogiellus longipalpus sp. n. The diagnosis of the new species and related species are discussed.
Opis noveho druhu Phlogiellus longipalpus.

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Re: Novinky v taxonomii a vo svete vtackarov

Príspevok od užívateľa Sceptic » 2. Novembra 2017, 16:51

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Kaderka R. 2017. Description of the male of Bistriopelma matuskai Kaderka 2015 and a new species of Bistriopelma from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Revista peruana de biología 24(3): 231 - 242 (octubre 2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v24i3.13904
The male of Bistriopelma matuskai Kaderka 2015 is described and illustrated, the species is rediagnosed and complemented by new biogeographical data. Additionally, a new species of Bistriopelma, B. titicaca sp. nov., from the Puno region in Peru is described, diagnosed and illustrated. An updated general description and distribution map of Bistriopelma are provided.
Opis samca Bistriopelma matuskai.


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